2.
  -2024
..  

 (ii):      (   )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        
2.   -        
 ?
-
3.   '        '  
 
4. 
  A, E, I, O   ?
-
5.    ?       
2.
6.        ?      
 
-
7.            
8.      ?     -    
  -2024
..  

 (ii):      (   )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        
:    
 

   
             , "

   2 + 2  4  ? 5 

?"        , "

     !"  
   -     
  
2.
                  
    
 
             
 ,
 ,           
    
,    '    ,            '
   , 
-       -      
      ?    ,        - 
?   -- ,       
   
          
  
   
""    ""   ,    ,     
       ,           
              , 
 
,              
 ,       
   :
1.     
       
         
                  
,                    
      
 :
 1:     
 2:    
:  ,    
        '  
 -       
    
2.    '    
      ,      - ,      
   
       ,      
 
        ,       
      
2.
    :    ,    
   
3.   ,  
                   
         (
     )   ,
      ,      
 ,             ,      
                
 -  
     
4.     
        ,         
, ,
      ,            ,   
  
:
 X Y 
Z  X 
 , Z, Y 
     X,” “Y,”  “Z”   
 
5.    
  ,      
       ,
,               ,  , 
      ,     '   
  
  
   ,         -  
 ,                
     
;                
           :
2.
1.   
     '      ,     
,  
  ,          ,   
        
 ,    , "    ",        
      ,          -   
   
        
 
2.   
              , ,  
    '       ,  ,  
     '     ,    
 

3.   
    ,          , ,   
       ,          
        ,  -     
  '   
4.   
     ,    '      

           ,      
  ,      - , , ,  -    
  

5.   
    ,             
 ,        ,         
  :
      ,      
   
 , X    
      
 
6.    
2.
       
 -        

    ,     ,      , 
      (       )
:         
  90%   ,     
                
    
7.   
          :
 :     
 :        
   :        

 :   ,     
 : ,   ,        
  
        ,       
 
 
  
  ', 
   :      
?      
          ,      '  
  
        ,    

 
  , 
,         , 
  , 
   ,            
      
            :
2.

  ,                   , 
     ,     ,          
  , , ,  ,  ,        , 
             
 
     
;      
   
      ,  
  ,          ,       
     
2.   -        
 ?
:        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
              ,  ,
  
          ?       
,         ,  ,     
               ,       
 ,          ,       
,     ,          
2.
                

 -  ,            
󹺢    
   ',         (    
 :    )   -  
1.    (A  A)
:  ,            
:       
   ,   
   ,   
:         
""  ,  
 -    , - -  - - 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :        
    ,    
  
2. -   (A       A  not-A  
 )
:  
   
:"  "  "  
"         

 
:      
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :     
         
           
3.       (  A  
-A,    
)
:         ;     

:"
  "  "

 "        ; 
   

:             

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :        
    
  
4. (    )    
:       

2.
:        ,       
, ,   
:       ' :        

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :    
            

󷇮󷇭     
?
  
    ,       


1.        (   )
       
 

  ""  ""     ,    
   
     
    
     ,  
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   ,     '     
2.    
  (-   )
      
 "    "  "    
"    ,  
    
    
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      -      
3.        (      )
              
 :       ?
: "  "     ,  
 
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
4.       
 
    '  
:
o      ()
2.
o    
o  ,     (-  +    )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,    
5.      
     '    - ,  , ,  
       ,       ,   ' 
  ,     
      
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 
       ,       '   
1.    :
o LEJ Brouwer        ,   
 ,       '   
o : 
  
   "  π       10
   
,"   
  
 
2.   :
o         ("  "  )  ,  
    
o :   ,   ;   ,  
; 
 ,     
,    
3.    :
o         ("  ' ") 
  
o                 
o :      ,          
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
       ,    
        
󽆪󽆫󽆬
  , - ,     (    )— 
    ,     
   
  '  ,       
2.
  ',              
        ,         

-
3.   '        '  
 
: 

   
               
          ' 
   ,    
  : "  '
    ,       '  ,
       "
  ?   
       ,  
 ,              
         ,      --  

  ?
    
    ,       
  
             
 :
o  1:      
o  2:    
o :      
-              
,     :
1.  -  
     '  
o :       ,     
o ,     ()  
2.
2.  -     '       
o :           , 
  
 ,         
  
""     "    
"        
 :

  ' 


 " "         
  :
 :     
 :    
:    
, " "          - ""  " "    
       ,  
   
             
    ()
         -     :
1.  -    / 
o :        
2.  -         
o :      
3. -          
o :       
   ,      :
 (   -) - "- "
 (   ) - " "
(/) - ""
2.
               
   ' 
 
   (   - )
      -        ,   
 ,  '   ,    
   ()    ,    ',     
1.  
    -          
:
o  :        
o  :     
o :       
                  

2.  
         
:
o  :     
o  :    
o :       (   '       
   )
         '  ,        
3.  
         
:
o  :      
o  :        
o :         
2.
        '            -
 
 
4.  
                
:
o  :        
o  :    
o :     
     ,      ,        

   (  )
,    
  ()   ,       
         
 
  ,       :
=   - ( S P )
=    ( S 
P )
=  - ( S P )
=   ( S P 
)
 ,            : ( ,
 , )
  
   AAA :
o :         (A)
o :      (A)
o :        (A)
   EAE :
o :      
 (E)
o :     (A)
o :      
 (E)
2.
   A, E, I, O     '      , 
       19     
  
 ?
, 
   :         
  ?  
   
?
   ,  ,   ,      
  , 
 '         
 :
1.   - 
  ' 

2.  -        
3.   -       , 
      
        
 :
 :            ,  
  (   
       
  )
       ,          
 
  '   
      
:
       
 ( )  
,  , ,      
:
      ;       
 

           
 '            
2.
 , "          ,    "
    '  ,      ,        

  ,    '   
 ,    
  ',            
     
 
 ,  
      '  ,        

  ()      ()        
           
        -   
   -      
 
      
        ,
      ,       !
4. 
  A, E, I, O   ?
:A, E, I, O     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
         - A, E, I,  O -  -
                :    (S)
    (P)    :         ,  
            
    :     (  )         
(  ) ?
  -      
󹺢   
1.   ( -)
: S P 
2.
:    
:
  (S)    
 
      
  (P)  
  
 
 
      
,            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: A    ,     ,   

2.  ( )
: S 
P 
:   

:
  (S)    
 
      
 (P)    
 
         

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: E    ,          
3.   (  ' -)
: S P 
:     
:
  (S)     
 
   
,     
  
  (P)  
  
 
 
      
 ,         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: I    ,            
4. O  ( )
: S, P 

:     

:
2.
  (S)     
 
   
,     
  
  (P)      
 
    "  " 
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: O    ,    
,     
󷇮󷇭   




 S P 
󽆤  
󽆱  

 S 
 P
󽆤  
󽆤  

 S P 
󽆱  

󽆱  

 S P 

󽆱  

󽆤  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 
  
    
 -        ,     
1.     
o :
     (A)
      (A)
 ,      ( )
o ,    
          
2.   
o  
              , 

-     
 
o :
     (A)
     (A)
 ,     ()
o ""      
       
  
3.   
o                 
o   ,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
            :
A ( S P ):"
 (S)  (P)   " -  (S)     
 ,    (P)  
2.
E ( S 
 P):    (S)  (P)   
-    
      
I ( S P ):    (S)  (P)   -      
  ,    
O ( S P 
):"    (S)  (P)   
" -    
   ,        
       
 
󽆪󽆫󽆬 
:
o        
o        
o       
:
o         ,    
 ( , ).
o -       ,      
 
 
 ,    ,            
󽆪󽆫󽆬
A, E, I, O              -     
 ,                   '
A ( S P ):   ,   
E ( S 
 P):   
I ( S P ):   
O ( S P 
):  
,    
    
 -     
   
   

  ,       
          

2.
-
5.    ?       
:             -   
      
  ,     :
        ?
       ?
     
       ?
   , ,      ?
        
,          
           
              ,    
        ,          
          ,    ,    
 ?
    ,          ,  
 ,     
󷇮󷇭   ?
    ,         ,  ,   
-                   :
  ?
  ?
  ?
     
 ?
  ,             
   
     ,          , ,
,       ,   :
      
  , -     
2.
 , ,    
 , ,       
   "   "         
, 
   -        ,    ,   
      
󽆪󽆫󽆬   
                 
       
1.   
   ,           ,   
   ,    ?  ,     : "  ,
    "    : "        
     ?"
2. -
   , , ,     -  -
        
;  -    
  
 ,  
          ,  
           
3.   
       
  - ,      '
  
   ,  , -     
     '   '        
  
4.    
      
;      ,  
  
,      
 ,   

5.   
2.
      ,            
     , 
 ,      
    -      
 
6.   
       ,          ,
,          '  
,     '   
7.  
    
 -   ,       
 ,    ,      
 ,  
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,     , -, , ,
, ,       
󷇳   
,           ,       
                 
 
1.   
         :   ?
       ?
     ,      ?
-    -     ,         
 
2.  
  ,  , , ,          
 :
  
  ?
           ?
    '    ,    ' ?
2.
3.   
            ,  ,    
           
4.   
              
      ?
            ?
   ,        
5.   
           ,      ,  
  ?     ,     ?     
  
6.    
   '            , ,  -
 
  :    ?       ,   , 
   ?
7.  
    , ,   ,  , ,   
              
        
 
8.     
    
      ,       ?

           ?
           
9.  
   ,        :
2.
     
   
    
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,           , , ,  ,
       ,              
    
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
  :  , , ,   
   
 :             

 : LGBTQ+ ,    ,    
          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
  ,               
     
,         , ,  
-   
  , , -,          , 
, , ,  , ,  ,           
      
               ,     
                   
          
2.
6.        ?      
 
:   :    
              ,  ,
                 , 
,   " "          
 ,   -        -   ,     

 ,  
       '   ,     ,  
     
,   ,          :      
    ,   ,            
 ,     -- 
󷊆󷊇 :    
  ,    ,          

         -       
  
    ,          , " "   
 ,         
        
   "     ?" 
,  "      
 ?" 
     ,          
 ,     ,         
󷇮󷇭 -:   
 -    ,           
,                  
  - ,            ,      
 
       : ,  , , 
        : , , ,

           ()   (-)   
 ,             
 ,              
2.
󺰎󺰏󺰐󺰑󺰒󺰓󺰔󺰕󺰖󺰗󺰘󺰙󺰚    
    -   ,          
    
           :
1.       
  ,            
 
:
        ,        
      
      ,           
 
2.        
         ,     ,
         
   :
         ,    
 
              
       ,    
  
            
3.   ,      
 ,  ,  ,   -         
      
     
 ,          :   
 ,    '   
󹺔󹺒󹺓   
   ,     - :

 
 

 , ,   
 
, ,   
 

, ,  ,  
, , ,  -


    , ,
 
,  ,  
2.

"   ?" / "    
?"
"   ?" / "  ?"

  '  

      
 

    
   
  
          ,     
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘    
            ,     
    ,           

    , " 
         
   "
   , "    ?      
   ?        ?"
         ,          
 
         ,        
     
          ,   
              
󷘧󷘨    
  
   ,         :
:               
 ,             

 
  :          ,  
        '  
 :         ,   
    
          
 ,         
       
,  
 
󽆪󽆫󽆬:  ,  
               
    
 ,  ,    
  ,
,    ,     ,     
2.
          
            
       
 -         
        
-
7.            
:   - ,     
      
 2,400         
      -    ,      ,
             ,    : ,
              

 ;         :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ?
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔
         ,      ?
    ,             , " "
      ,           
   --  -          
      
1.     
?
                
   ,     ,    ,   -  
 -      
                
 ,         ,    '    
 -         
 ,   :          ,      
      ?
2.
2.   
  ,    ,      
   , 
              
             
     
     ,            
     
 
 ,           -   (   )  
  ,           ,    () 

3.  -     
         -      ?
 ,         
   ,      
           
    ,   '    ,   
,      
       

         ,      
 ,      :         
 , 
     
4.    
   ,        '     

1.  (-):
o     
o       
o       

o           
2.  ():
o     
o              
2.
o       
3.  (, , ):
o     , ,       
o            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,            ,   
  ,              
  ,        
5. - -  
                  


? 
    , ,           
,          
  :
"






,





,



 





"
               ,   
    ,     - ,  
 
6.   
               
 '      
,    ,     
  
           ,      
    
      ,         
   
     
 ,     ,  
       
 ,           -    
       
2.
7. " "    
                 ,    
   
 () → 
 () → 
() → 
       ,       ,  
     ,     
                 
8.      ( )
      :   (  )  ,   
      
 

? 
               
        ,              
 ,     :
        
     
     

      '  ,      
 ,        
(          ,        
    
 )
9.       
                 :
1.  (  ) →  
2.  (,    )
3.  (   )
2.
4.  (  ,  -    )
5.  (  )
 , -            
    
10.       
         ,      
-            
 
 '          -  

 
"      "   '        
       
,                 
      ,      
    
      


          
 -    ,   
    ,             
         ,        ,  
                - 
      
            
          ,    ,     
           
 
 :
"











,




,





"
2.
8.      ?     -    
: :       
   ,   
             
 
 -     ,   ,    ,  
             
;   ,
 ,                 - 
, ,     -    
   
󷊆󷊇   
   ,                
        
      
 - 

       -           ,
   
 
""    ""   ,    " "
 ,            -   
, , ,      
      :   ?    - ? 
      ?      ? 
  ""   ,      
           :
 , "    
 "
             
      
               
  
 
   :              

󷇮󷇭  
  
  ,           
      ,
,               ,
     ,         
2.
   
 -           -   
         
        
   
󹺢    
,                
    
 
1. :    
           ,   
 ,     '       
             ' 
 ,             
 ,            -   
       
               ,      

2.  :   
   
           
  ,         
,       '     
 
,      
 -       
     ,        ,    
      
3.   :   
       ,     
          
      
          
     
 -         
            ;     
      
     
2.
4.    -:   
    
            
 ,    
 
,    ,        -
 
 ,           
 
    
  -            

 
5.    :   
        
            
  
,         
       
 
   '    
     

 
   ,           
 
6.     :   
 
               

     ,   ,  LGBTQ+ 
  -           

       ,        


     -   
 ,      

 
7.  :   
 ,         
2.
               

      
 ,   
 
        -    
  
 ,            ,    ' 
          
8.    
        ,     

  ,  -,        
  
         ,       
'   
       -           
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘     
           ,       
  ,   ,      ,     
          ,        
            
   
            - , , , -
,      
󽆪󽆫󽆬:       
    
     -        
 ,              : ,
, , -, , ,      
          
         - , ,    
           ,     -
    ,          
"               

       ,         "